Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) has long been recognized for its health promoting properties. Ancient Greek doctors such as Hippocrates and Dioscurides described more than 60 different therapeutic uses of olive oil, including the treatment of inflammation – one of the most common features of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders (e.g. Alzheimers). They also believed it to be a natural elixir that could stave off illness and promote human longevity. Today, thanks to advances in modern science, we have made great strides in understanding the reasons behind this ancient wisdom. Over the past couple of decades, scientists have isolated and characterized many of the natural phytonutrients believed to be responsible for many of EVOO’s health-related benefits. Together, these phytonutrients provide the foundations of the Mediterranean diet.